Agamemnon vs Hamlet Essay

I think that Hamlet was more tragic in comparison to Agamemnon. The reason being is because in Hamlet Claudius is driven to kill his own brother, King Hamlet, just so he can marry his own sister-in-law. Hamlet is plotting to kill his own uncle and is speaks of his own mother in a hateful manner e:g Within a month, Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears Had left the flushing in her gallà ¨d eyes, She married. O most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! A son is talking about her own mother like this and at the same time he has lost hope in life. Hamlet claims that he wants to die, if only suicide wasn’t forbidden by God. Oh, that this too, too sullied flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew, Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! So from the beginning of the play the protagonist is in a pitiful state. This was not the case with the protagonist of Agamemnon. In Hamlet the protagonist was driven to avenge his own father death and in the process ended up killing 4 innocent person. His own love of his live Ophelia, and mom, Queen Gertrude was killed by the poisonous drink which was meant for Hamlet. Ophelia’s father and brother ended up dead. In Agamemnon only two innocent lives were lost, Cassandra and Iphigenia. In my opinion i think Agamemnon deserved his tragic end. He had made many mistakes, he abused Clytemnestra then killed his husband and married her, then after sacrificed his own daughter. Aristotle definition of tragedy consist of 4 parts. It involves someone of higher standing. This protagonist makes an error in judgement. This error results in suffering for the person. This suffering causes pity or fear in the audience. Agamemnon and Hamlet both have high status. They are both from a royal family. Agamemnon makes and error in assuming that his wife is still in love with him and his trusts her, even though he was told by his people that his wife is cheating on him, but he didn’t get the implication. Resulting in his own end and Cassandra’s. In Hamlet, Hamlet makes a mistake by killing Polonius, assuming that he was striking the king with his sword. Which results in the king turning against Hamlet and sends and order to the king of England to execute Hamlet. I didn’t feel and pity for Agamemnon but on the other hand i felt pity and fear for Hamlet. I feared how he might not end up marring the love of his life Ophelia. I felt pity for Hamlet when his mother wont trust him when he was trying to expose his uncle.

Ruth’s Chris Steakhouse Case

Ruth’s Chris Steakhouse Case Study Overview Your overall case analysis should include the following sections: 1. Problem identification 2. Case analysis (including a SWOT analysis) 3. Generation of alternatives (at least three) 4. Analysis of alternatives 5. Recommendations (preferred alternative) Step 1: Problem Identification BBB4M Clearly and accurately identify the key decisions, problems, and strategic issues facing the company or manager in question. Ask yourself the following questions: 1. What appears to be the problem(s) here? 2. How do I know that this is a problem? You must differentiate between the symptoms of the problem and the problem itself. The problem statement may be framed as a question. For example, what should Mr. Smith do? How can Mr. Smith improve the company’s market share? Step 2: Case Analysis Describe the facts and the impact they have on the problem. Conduct a formal SWOT analysis. What are the company's strengths and weaknesses? What are the constraints and opportunities implicit to this situation? What are the internal and external challenges facing the company? Step 3: Generation of Alternatives How can the problem be resolved? Clearly delineate a good range of alternative courses of actions (at least three) that the company or manager in question may consider. The alternatives must be realistic. Doing nothing can be a viable alternative, provided it is being recommended for the correct reasons. Step 4: Evaluation of Alternatives Evaluate the alternatives against key decision criteria. You may want to establish a simple table to assess your alternatives against your selected criteria. Another method that can be used is to determine the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative, and then discuss the short and long term implications of each. Step 5: Recommendations Make a clear and compelling case as to what the company should do and why, with clear analysis Ruth’s Chris Steakhouse Case Study Expectations for the Written Report 1. Title page 2. Table of contents 3. Problem (Issue) statement 4. Case analysis 5. Generation of alternatives 6. Analysis of alternatives 7. Recommendations 8. Case study BBB4M Make sure to proof read your work. Restating the case facts is not part of the case analysis. Only mention the facts that are relevant to (and support) your analysis and recommendation. Make sure to write in a professional manner incorporating key course terminology and concepts. Due Date:

Poverty and Education

OMAR BANDEH # 2122369 ENG 102 PROFESSOR LAWSON Topic Outline Thesis: Education is the most powerful weapon that can bring positive changes in a society. I. Empower an individual to be a model citizen A. Educate him about his Rights B. Develop his self esteem II. Poverty alleviation A. Wide range of job opportunities B. Living standards increased C. Reduction in crime rate III. Eradicate Disease A. How to avoid it B. How to treat it C.How to live with it THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION IN A SOCIETY Every nation especially third world countries should invest a substantial amount of their budget on education for it is the most invaluable asset that could transform an entire society. It was said by Aristotle that educated men are as much superior to the uneducated as the living are to the dead† if that is so then an uneducated society is as good as a dead society.After all education is the most powerful weapon that can bring positive changes in a society, it is the only weapon that can empower an individual in particular and a whole society in general, alleviate poverty and eradicate disease. The foremost aim of education is to empower an individual to be a model citizen and for that to happen he must know his rights and responsibilities. Without education, man is a splendid slave knowing not the difference between good and bad or his rights such as his freedom of speech, worship and movement, for only the educated are free.Free to make decisions, to face life, and to accept successes and failures. More over education is the only tool that can develop one's personality, his self esteem and confidence for it is a combination of these that gives a person the ability to stand up against tyranny and oppression of any form. In a complex modern democracy, citizens must be educated for them to be able to participate in a nation’s democratic and developmental process.For example if Nelson Mandela was not educated he would not have been able to challenge the aparth eid government thereby helping to bring it, to its end and in the process making the whole of South Africa free and colour blind. Secondly, the role of education in poverty eradication is crucial. There is overwhelming evidence that education is the one tool that children from poor families can use to break the cycle of poverty in which they are born in.A poor farmer’s son has the same opportunities to that of a president’s son if he is educated, for education provides the knowledge and skill with which an individual can use to get a job and earned a living on his own. It is only with an affordable education that a society’s poverty can be reduced and its living standards increased. And because poverty is a multidimensional social problem once it is taken care of, high crime and prostitution rates will dramatically reduced. Finally, disease, the one thing that can decimate an entire society especially an uneducated one.For education provides knowledge about dise ases, how to treat them and most importantly how to avoid them. For example diseases such as HIV/AIDS have blighted entire societies in places like Uganda and South Africa before people knew what it is and how it can be avoided. Now, after much sensitization the rates of HIV/AIDS infection have reduced dramatically and those already infected have been adequately educated on how to live with the disease in such a way that life expectancy of an Aids patient have increased compare to before.In addition, the availability of education in a society informs them the use of being hygienic and how to maintain high hygienic standards such as washing one’s hand after using the toilet and also before eating which has help to reduce the prevalence of diseases such as cholera and diarhoea. Therefore, to conclude, the impact of investing in education is profound for it is the only tool that can positively change a society by empowering it, lifting it out of poverty and most important of all enabling its people to live longer healthily.

Case study tale of two culture Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tale of two culture - Case Study Example There are surely other factors that could account for increasing incidences of divorce, crime, drug abuse, etc. Immediately pointing the finger at globalization shows a lack of understanding of the issues involved. Globalization has given poorer countries many great things, but at the same time there have been some negative influences. I just dont think that people can pin the blame on globalization for all of these things. Because Western culture is more confrontational, the only thing that globalization has done is open peoples eyes to the fact that the social issues are occur. Previously they were just swept under the carpet and everyone would pretend that they did not exist. Globalization is a good thing because it forces people to see their society for what it really is. 3. Broadly defined, Asia comprises more than 60 percent of the worlds population—a population that practices Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, and numerous other religions. Thus, do you think it is possible to carry on a valid discussion of "Asian" values? Why or why not? I think it is possible to carry on a valid discussion of "Asian" values. The reason is that culture is always changing and yet it never changes in some regards. People who view culture as something that is static are outdated because they do not realize the globalized world that we live in today. It is possible to conform to "Asian" values yet also be open to Western ideas too. In this way, a hybrid culture is almost created whereby it attempts to take the best aspects from two very different cultures and create a new culture. Indian call center workers might have to change their lives drastically, such as speaking with an American accent, wearing American clothes, and dating boyfriends, but the fact remains that they are still Indian despite all of this. It is possible to "have a hand" in both

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Report - Essay Example 92). The framework and layout of the plant, administration of the processes of production and selection, repair and replacement of tools and equipments lie under tactical issues. Operation activities include the control of production, management of inventories, control and regulation of quality standards and implementation of management policies. In the operation management, there are a number of emerging functions from different dimensions. The functions include globalization of the dimension of productivity and completion tactics and e-procurement for the supply of resources and materials. Globalization is movement of people, services and goods across different nations in the world without restrictions. The across border movement is conducted in an integrated and flawless way (Shim & Siegel, 2009, Pg. 55). It is as a result of opening up the global economy and the associated increase of trade relations among nations and regions. Globalization will make countries to go global hence increase the integrations of the world’s economy. ... 92). Use of internet in the modern has been incorporated in almost all sectors whereby the sector of business in not left behind. It is a crucial component in business to business sites commonly referred to as B2B sites. In the B2B sites, users who are registered eligible find clients who want to buy or sell products and services. Depending on the preference and approach that may be used by the clients prices of goods and services can be specified and sometimes negotiation can be done (Kumar & Suresh, 2009, Pg. 130). The software of e-procurement automates the transactions of buying and selling over the internet. This function will enable companies to effectively and efficiently control the inventories, minimize the number of purchasing personnel and more significantly improve the processes of manufacturing. In the future, the function of e-procurement is expected to be incorporated with the computerized supply chain management (Shim & Siegel, 2009, pg. 65). Since in the coming years globalization will be more than it is now, it is vital for companies and organizations to prepare for the future globalization due to the challenges that may be accompanying (Galloway, 2010, Pg. 105). To be on a secure side a country must take caution and diverse considerations before making a move of implementing any type of venture in globalization. One of the practical concerns that need attention is currency (Homann, 2009, Pg. 150). The currency that is dominating in the world today is the Euro and the US dollar. In addition to that, there are more than 200 currencies which are used in global business transactions. Companies venturing into globalization must be aware of the costs involved in the exchange of foreign currencies and the challenges which are

Sustainable Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sustainable Fashion - Essay Example The paper "Sustainable Fashion" concerns the project of designing a cohesive collection based on a specific inspiration by using sustainable fabric. Sustainable fashion is a fashion that aims to be environmentally friendly. It is part of the larger trend of "ethical fashion,". It is not a new trend that is has been said `Sustainable Fashion is not a short-term trend, but one that could last multiple seasons. ‘Vogue, May 2007. While environmentalism used to be distinct in fashion through a percentage of sales being donated to a charitable cause, most of the fashion designers have recently adopted the idea of sustainability. They are using more environment friendly materials and methods in clothing production. Designers claim that they are trying to incorporate these sustainable practices into modern clothing, rather than producing "dusty, hippy-looking clothes." Sustainable fashion is essentially more expensive than clothing produced by conventiona methods. Regarding the Sharpen Sustainable Fashion by Gwitt A. and Rissanen T. from week 4, it is easy to relate the idea of sustainable fashion with some elements. ‘While achieving sustainability is the goal of sustainable development, the word ‘sustainability' has several meanings in the today's world and is frequently reduced by associating it with ‘environment.' Some people define sustainability as the balance between three elements: economy, environment, and social equity. However, since human are struggling with ecological balance in every aspect.

Biogeography of bottlenosed dolphins Research Paper

Biogeography of bottlenosed dolphins - Research Paper Example The large brain size and the vocal learning on one hand are the cause of the organism being a major attraction and a source of amusement, and on the other hand render it vulnerable to noise and chemical pollution resulting from anthropogenic activity. The conservation strategies directed at habitat preservation of the organism are recommended. BIOGEOGRAPHY OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS INTRODUCTION Bottlenose dolphins belong to the order Cetacea, the term derived from Greek word ketos meaning whale. The order includes large aquatic mammals with forelimbs modified into flippers, a horizontally flattened tail, lacking hind limbs and with one or two nostrils. The order includes the suborders Odontoceti (toothed whales) and Mysticeti (baleen whales). Most Dolphins are included in the family Delphinidae, belonging to suborder Odontoceti, including the bottlenose Dolphin or genus Tursiops. The genera Tursiops (derived from Latin word Tursio meaning Dolphin or Dolphin like), has been further class ified to include two species on the basis of biochemical and genetic studies: common bottlenose dolphin or T. truncatus and the Indopacific bottlenose dolphin or T. aduncus (Rice, 18). ... The biogeography of an organism provides significant information regarding its evolutionary history and adaptation. Thus biogeography can be considered to include the spatial as well as temporal distribution of an organism. The common bottlenose dolphin T.trucatus enjoys worldwide distribution including tropical and temperate, inshore, coastal, shelf and oceanic areas (Reynolds et al., 12), except the polar region, northward of 45?, though they do occurs far as 62?N7?W in northern Europe. Found rarely in Baltic Sea and vagrant in Newfoundland and Norway, the species is present is as yet uncertain in other areas. The author aims to present in the current paper an account of the biogeography of the common bottlenose dolphin or T. truncatus; along with the evolutionary history of the organism on the basis of fossil records and the threat to conservation programs for the organism specially those relating to its biogeography. BIOGEOGRAPHY Figure 1 The major distribution areas of common bo ttlenose dolphin (figure 1) include the western margins of North Atlantic where the coastal forms occur within a distance of 5km from the land and in bays and estuaries (Mead and Potter, 165). The offshore forms occur within 200-2000m range along the shelf break in regions north and north east to Georges bank (Kenney, 369); and in the Scotian shelf; with the distribution of the two forms overlapping in some zones. The coastal forms are prevalent throughout the year continuously along the North Carolina to Texas (Mead and Potter, 165). In southeastern US they also occur as communities exhibiting specific association patterns and individual home ranges. In the eastern Pacific region, T. truncatus occurs in the

Contemporary issue in marketing - Airline industry on service quality Essay

Contemporary issue in marketing - Airline industry on service quality and relationship marketing - Essay Example Airline industry is a key economic strength of any country because airline industry has big impact on other industries such as manufacturing, finance and tourism. Presently, the worldwide airline industry comprises more than 23,000 aircrafts, offers service to more than 3700 airfields all over the world. In the year 2006, it had been calculated that approximately 28 million flights transported more than 2 billion passengers worldwide. For the last 20 years, the air travel had increased considerably by 5%. In the US, the aircraft industry contributes 8% of GDP (MIT, n.d.). According to IATA (International Air Transport Association) the forecasted global air journey increased almost 5% annually from the year 2000–2010. The most dynamic growth of aviation industry had been seen in Asia/Pacific region compared to Europe and North America. In Asia/Pacific region the aviation industry is increasing by almost 9% annually. In the 1990s, the aviation industry had suffered heavily due t o economic recession and Gulf war. The member airline of IATA had experienced losses of almost 20.4 billion USD from the year 1990 to 1994. Subsequently, Aviation industry had realised the importance of service and customer relation and thus certain airlines had invested a lot to improve the quality of service offered to customer. Many new attractive strategies had been introduced to draw and retain customers (Standford University, 1999). Importance of Service Quality in Airline Industry In aviation industry the competition is strong and it is growing rapidly. The airline companies had realised the need for providing more attention towards customer in order to face the competition because customers are the primary element of every business. Good customer satisfaction can bring profitability to an airline company and it can be achieved by good service. An efficient service quality is characterised by good customer segmentation, tailored service, measuring the feedback of customer and measurement of company performance (Bozorgi, 2007). Customer satisfaction is the feeling or attitude towards a service. If a customer is satisfied about the service, in future the customer will engage in purchasing the service again. Thus, customer satisfaction and service quality is interrelated with each other. The reason for dissatisfaction in aviation industry can be caused by late departure of flight, reservation of ticket, poor catering service and bad attitude of air crew members towards customers (Bozorgi, 2007). In the year 1987 and 1988, the bad customer service had been recorded in the US aviation industry regarding flight problem, reservation problem, and refund of money, customer service, smoking activities, tourism issues and others. These factors have led to dissatisfaction of customers, and for that reason the customer complaints had grew over 500% in the year 1987 (Bozorgi, 2007). Perceptions of customers and service quality are useful in forecasting the effectiven ess of a company. Many companies intend to employ customer service based

BMW's dream factory and culture case Term Paper

BMW's dream factory and culture case - Term Paper Example The organizational culture of BMW can be characterized as employee oriented. Employees at BMW are given great importance and policies of the company can be termed as employee centric. BMW focuses on empowerment of employees and gives them enough freedom to come up with new ideas. The company also encourages innovation even for the lower level employees. There are also no red tapes in the company that separate the higher managers to the lower level employees. All this indicate to the fact that the culture of BMW is employee oriented. In BMW employees are treated with respect and their suggestions are given attention. This is another reason why we can characterize the organizational culture of BMW as employee oriented. Employees are encouraged to come up with new ideas and their ideas are implemented within the company. This not only boosts the confidence of employees but also communicates to the employees how much the organization pays heed to their word. Employee oriented organizational culture is the reason of the long term success of the company because human capital is the most important part of any organization, and human capital is treated with great regard at BMW. The organizational culture of BMW is very friendly and the top management is always interested in listening to employees. The company has benefitted from many innovations that were brought up by lower level employees. The entrepreneurial culture of the company fosters innovation by empowering employees to make a difference (Hellriegel & Slocum, 552). BMW allows employees to remain at the forefront of innovation and therefore the culture of the company can be categorized as employee oriented. The automobile industry mostly relies on standard operating procedures and rigid assembly line manuals guide employees about their work. This is not the case in BMW as employees enjoy a great deal of freedom. Employees at the company operate with a high degree of flexibility and can change even their

The Rise of the Star in the Wake of Hollywood’s Golden Era Essay Example for Free

The Rise of the Star in the Wake of Hollywood’s Golden Era Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hollywood has long been a place distinguished by the fulfillment of dreams that it offers to the large number of hopefuls who are longing to be artists. The fame and the fortune that Hollywood brings to its people and its subjects are rather large and too much inviting for the enthusiasts of the arts. The birth of filmmaking took place in the same place where the artists were also nurtured with the skills and competent skills that they now have in performing infront of their audiences and infront of cameras.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However beautiful it could be seen right now, it should be remembered that before the prestigious name of Hollywood came to reality, the creators of the said have passed a number of hardships in its history â€Å"dream factory†. The fact that it takes a lot of effort to make a dream come true, the ones who established Hollywood as a name that echoes the picturesque of perfect artistry, did a lot of job to attain their goals in making a name for the said place. Today, it could be noticed that Hollywood becomes the center of every news report in the world that gives color to television programming. Indeed, Hollywood’s establishment has made t possible for people around the world to enjoy a certain entertainment that brings ease to every depressed soul in the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is the main reason why many people take interest n knowing how Hollywood came to be. How it all started and who were the ones who made it big in the first years of the Entertainment industry in the United States. The Fifty Golden Years of Hollywood’s history has long been the favorite subject that art enthusiasts and historians enjoy to tackle. The color of life that makes up the history of the said sector of the human civilization since the 1950’s has made it even more interesting even for local readers and viewers of Hollywood shows. A Background on Hollywood’s History as a Residential Place   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hollywood’s beginning has been more shifted on the agricultural nourishment that the place provides for the residents. However, when the 1880’s arrived, H.H. Wilcox has planned a new community that he has foreseen to grow n Hollywood. It was more of a community that is fit for wealthy people. Later on, the famous personalities from different parts of the United States and Europe began to see the said place as a fine residential area and began to settle there for good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Prospect Avenue has become a home for the famous ones such as Queen Anne, the Victorian residents and other more famous personalities. Since then, Hollywood has not been much the same as it has been when it first started as a simple community of agriculturists. More changes were still ready to happen in the coming years in the Hollywood History. The Beginning of Film Industry and Art Enthusiasm in Hollywood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the year 1911, the first film studio has been established by the Nestor Company. The said studio was located at the corner of the Sunset and Grower streets. Nestor Company’s film studio began shooting the first films in the fine climate and ambiance of Hollywood. Since then, Hollywood began to take a name that is more suited for the artistic creation of the excellent movies that entertains the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The adjustments though were not that easy to accept especially for the older residents of Hollywood. Since some part of Hollywood’s area was still dedicated to agriculture, the changes that the film industry brings to the locals of the place brought several issues for the older and the newer residents of Hollywood. Later on, the agricultural sites in Hollywood began to be subdivided and then created into residential areas. The said agricultural place is now more famously known as the Hollywood Boulevard. More than this, there came the creation of skyrocketing buildings around the area that hosted most of the companies that intended to put up filmmaking studios around Hollywood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other establishments such as banks, grocery stores, restaurants and clubs as well as movie theaters were also established which naturally catered to the needs of the residents that are currently residing in Hollywood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The architectural design of the buildings were both inspired by the playful personalities that resided in the place as well as the famous ones that were known during the two World Wars that mainly affected the art of filmmaking in the entertainment industry. The whole community has been offering all kinds of created building styles that show the extreme depiction of both glamour and sophistication that the place holds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Everything became fit for the stars. However, when the movie stars began to have a better choice of residential offering in Beverly Hills, the said Hollywood life changed since the restaurants that were once found in the vicinity of the said place left with the stars and transferred to their customers’ area in Beverly Hills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hence, the Hollywood city’s ambiance changed to becoming a more industrialized, and business-centered community. Most of the filmmaking studios stayed in Hollywood while other industrial offices found the said city more inviting and suit for their profitable pursuits. Today, the social environment of Hollywood is more of a business-oriented area than that of a residential place as it has been before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No matter how many changes has been taken in connection with the film industry, the buildings in the said area, which still holds the historical picture of the place is now being taken care of by the United States’ government as it has been officially noted in the national Register of Historic Places. Indeed, the said protection does not only intend to take care of the Historical background of Hollywood as a place for residents of the famous and the glamorous but it also offers to protect the colorful beginning of the history of the art of filmmaking in the said place. Yes, Hollywood was the place where all the artistic approach of entertainment in terms of filmmaking all started and continues to thrive at present. CHAPTER 2 The Glamour of the 50’s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has only been the end of a big world account, the second World War’s effect on the American Society and the whole world as well, has not only been directed to the political aspects of the society but also towards the arts. It could be noted that during the war years, the created films were calmer and less provocative of mass rebellion. The years that covered the 1940’s has much control on the way that the films were presented to the public. The movies were characterized to be less presenting on the real accounts that happen on the society during that era. This is because of the filmmakers’ fear of being connoted as an industry that encourages the society to rebel or revolt against the authorities that presently control the society during those years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, when the war finally ended, the people or the viewers wanted more than just a calm presentation of the society. The fact that many among the people in the society were directly afflicted by the war years, the y wanted a more rebellious entertainment. Their emotional outpouring on the authorities who failed to end the war years at the least possible time that it have existed has inspired the filmmakers to present the actual emotional dispositions of the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of the idea of being finally free from the strife that the war brought upon the human society, the whole humanity aimed to show the pain that they used to feel during the times of the war. They aimed to show the public of the dreadful effects that the wars brought about to the lives of the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is the reason why many of the films that were produced during the 1950’s introduced more expressive characters and settings that catered to the emotionally shifted themes of the movies during those certain times. Regarding this, an Internet site on the said film history placed it this way:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"In the period following WWII when most of the films were idealized with   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   conventional portrayals of men and women, young people wanted new and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   exciting symbols of rebellion. Hollywood responded to audience demands the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   late 1940s and 1950s saw the rise of the anti-hero with stars like newcomers   Ã‚  Ã‚   James Dean, Paul Newman (who debuted in the costume epic The Silver Chalice (1954)) and Marlon Brando, replacing more proper actors like Tyrone Power, Van Johnson, and Robert Taylor. [In later decades, this new generation of method actors would be followed by Robert DeNiro, Jack Nicholson, and Al   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pacino.] Sexy anti-heroines included Ava Gardner, Kim Novak, and Marilyn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monroe an exciting, vibrant, sexy star.† (The Dawning of the 50’s, 2006)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes, the new-waved approach of the movie industry in presenting a more reality based programming system has opened ways to new artists to be known and introduced to the society as enthusiasts of the social interests. The young entertainment has also been catered by the film industry during this era.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   James dean as for example became the most famous teenager artist. His skills in the craft of acting have made him a great name in the entertainment industry. The Said Internet site further adds:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The anguished, introspective teen James Dean (1932-1955) was the epitome of adolescent pain. Dean appeared in only three films before his sudden death in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the fall of 1955. His first starring role was in Elia Kazans adaptation of John   Ã‚   Steinbecks novel East of Eden (1955) as a Cain-like son named Cal vying for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   his fathers (Raymond Massey) love against his brother Aron.† (The Dawning of the 50’s, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Along with James Dean, came other young stars that also tried to portray the character of youngsters that the teenagers during those times wanted to present in the society. Young ones who are more expressive, more certain about the things that they want and more open towards their opinion of the society’s norms have been the main characters of the movie icons that have been shown through the films of the 1950’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As years pass, the film industry of the 50’s have been more open minded about the realities that are found in the human society. Cigar smoking, the use of fouls words and the fast-talks has been much related to entertainment of the 50’s era. Yes, the birth of a more socially oriented and reality-based programming has been introduced to the viewers during the years of the post-world war. The fondness of the society to actually see themselves symbolically through the characters of the artists that portray their roles in the movies have been the main idea of   entertainment of those times. CHAPTER 3 The Big Ten of Hollywood’s Golden Years   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The artists were not the only ones who have gained names during the Golden years of Hollywood’s history. The filmmakers and the people that contributed to the success of the entertainment industry who made the movie making possible also gained fame and dignity for themselves that have been remarkably incomparable among others who have been flourishing in the same industry through the years that followed before them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The said ten personalities shall be introduced in the list that follows: Alvah Bessie (1940-2001)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He is a screenwriter who created themes for Warner Brothers studios, and some other studios, which he spent lesser times with. His enthusiasm in showing the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   society of the post-war effects of the current issues that happened during his years has been completely phenomenal in the entertainment industry. His ability      if catering to the theme that most of the audiences in the society like to see in the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   movies has created for him a name that goes around the extra ordinary in creating movie plots.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among his works was Objective Burma (1945), Men in Battle, Spain Again   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (book) and Spanish Civil War Notebooks (book, 1938).   All the said works   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   became more focused on the experiences that he, along with his colleagues has   Ã‚  Ã‚   experienced during the war era. Herbert J. Biberman   (1950)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He is an American Director-Screenwriter who posted much enthusiasm on the showing f the side of the union workers regarding the social issues that concerns them. Because of this fact, the socialists mostly mistakenly accuse him of being a communist because of the theme of his movies. However, for the less-heard society, he was the epitome of a man who has made their voices heard to towards those who needed to address their needs. Lester Cole (1920-1960) Although he was considered to be among the less unfortunate members of the top ten of Hollywood’s Golden Years, he has also created ways by which some of the people in the society were directly addressed through his screenplays. Most of his movies catered to the dreams of most of the American people during his times. His ability of creating for himself a name in the industry identifies him as a sole creator of the film-art. Edward Dmytryk (1935-1960)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He started as a messenger in the Paramount pictures when he entered the Hollywood scene. Most of his movies were known to be of a theme that caters to the public idealisms of a fine society. The ability of the young ones to make a change and the fantasy-related dreams of people or the audiences has been mostly the main theme of his films. Ring Lardner, Jr. (1940-1970)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His movies mostly catered to the idealisms of the women population. The constant relation that he has posted towards the wants of the women in the society has earned him a credible name from the feminist groups of the society. Although he has been blacklisted for quite some time, his works has been undeniably incomparable. John Howard Lawson (1920-1964) His enthusiasm in filmmaking has been much shifted on the political theme of the movies that he created. The flaws of the government and the authorities that makes the up the government has made his works different form that of the others. Albert Maltz   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He is known as a novelist who wanted to create stories that catered to the social views of the local audiences. Hence, most of his works were turned into movies that were widely accepted by the people. Samuel Ornitz (1923- 1930) He was a generally refined novelist who catered to the themes that affected the audiences as people and as members of the society. Although he has been blacklisted, his works became known to the public and was directly accepted by the audiences. Adrian Scott (1950) Screenwriter/producer Dalton Trumbo (1940-1970) He created films that are close to reality especially during the wart years. He was rather certain about his aim of letting the society know of the truth even though it was most dangerous during those times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The big ten of Hollywood’s history has been much of a breakthrough to the usual programming that Hollywood has been catering to. They opened ways by which playwrights, screenwriters and directors could express their views through movies with much braver and determination to let the public know of the truth though artistic entertainment. CHAPTER 4 Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the history of Hollywood’s most flourishing years, towards the present era, the entertainment industry that remains a resident in the Hollywood community has been proven to influence many people not only in the American society or regions but also in the whole world. The ability of the filmmaking industry to affect the lives of the people have been noted as the most effective way of creating opinions of the public regarding the social issue that are currently affecting the human society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the future, it is expected that Hollywood’s years of existence would continue to flourish and cater to the entertainment needs to he public. Not only as a source of relaxation but as a revelation to the reality that binds the human society’s current history. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books: David Bordwell. (2003). Film Art: An Introduction. McGraw-Hill Companies; 7th edition. G. Ellrod. (2001). Hollywood Greats of the Golden Years: The Late Stars of the 20s Through the 50s (McFarland Classics). McFarland Company; New Ed edition. Internet Sources: Mary Scott. (2003). The Hollywood Ten. http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/blacklist.html. (January 23, 2007). Historic Resources Group. (2005). A Short History of Hollywood. http://www.historicla.com/hollywood/history.html. (January 23, 2007). Film History of the 1950s. (2006). http://www.filmsite.org/50sintro.html. (January 23, 2007).

The Problems in International Marketing Communication

The Problems in International Marketing Communication Whether its a manufacturing company or service company,Communication is a very crucial element its marketing process. This is clear in the definition of Marketing: the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large [1]. Marketing communication is also considered as one of the four most important elements in every marketing process, the 4 Ps of the Marketing Mix. The 4 Ps are: Product, place, price, promotion. . Every company specifies the product or service it wants to sell product, where these products are delivered place , how to set a price price, and how to promote its products promotion. Marketing Communication falls under the promotion category. Three vitals roles fall under it: providing needed information and elaboration on a product, persuading target customers of a specific brand, and encouraging them to take actions and buy their products. It serves both types of customers: existing customers, and prospective (potential) customers. It serves the existing customers by maintaining relationships with them. This can be done by database systems for customers and direct selling. Marketing communication serves the prospective customer by communicating the information and advice this customer needs. Such information are like: cost of the product or service, specific features, benefits and functions [4]. Elements of the communication mix: Below are some ways to communicate information: Medium Explanation Advertising A paid insertion of a message in a medium Public relations the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between the organization and its publics( users, potential users, and employees) Sales Promotions Activities done to attract customers and boost temporary sales. Examples: the buy one get one offer, distribution of free samples. Personal Selling Face-to-face communications between buyers and sellers Telemarketing Taking orders by phone (inbound), Selling through phone or teleselling (outbound) Ambient Advertising Messages places on items such as bus tickets, stamp franking, till receipts, petrol pumps, and so forth. Any message that forms part of the environment Press Advertising Any paid message that appears in a newspaper or magazine TV Advertising Commercial messages shown in breaks during and between TV programs Database Marketing Profiling customers on to a database and sending out personalized mailings or other communications to them. Example: Sukar.com sends emails with pictures of products and price offers. E commerce Use of websites to promote and sell products Corporate Identity The overall image that the company projects; the companys personality Branding The mechanism by which marketing communications are coordinated Off-the-screen selling Using TV adverts linked to inbound telephone operations (taking orders by phone). Also, home shopping channels such as QVC. Figure 1 Source: Blythe J. (2006) Essentials of Marketing Communications, 3rd edition Figure 2 Message channel Advertising media and/or personal sales force Encoding: Message translated into Appropriate meaning Noise Competitive activities, other salespeople, confusion, and so on Decoding Encoded message interpreted into meaning Information source Marketer with a product Feedback Evaluation of communications process and measure of action by receiver Receiver Action by consumer responding to decoded message The senders culture (A) The receivers culture (B) Source:Cateora P, Graham J. (2008) International Marketing [ 3 ] The Challenges of International Marketing: Cultural Diversity: Marketers need to develop understanding and empathy with their target audiences. Marketers need to assure that customers receive their messages without any altering of the meaning intended in the first place. Meanings of words can be denotative or connotative. Denotative means: having the same meaning for everybody. Connotative means: having a meaning which is unique to the individuals. The customers opinion of the advertisement is subjective. Strawberries mean the red small fruits. For some people, which are allergic to strawberries, it means allergy and disease. This is easy when the marketer and audience share the same background and outlook. [2]. In international marketing, , the audience customers are diverse, the same message can be understood differently from one to another. So, the message has to be clear enough to be understood by almost all types of receivers. Only 30% of communication used words. Examples are: numbers, space, artifacts, and kinetics. If the company is international, then their audiences are from diverse cultures. A message might resemble a meaning in a country and a very different meaning in another country. For example: the sign of the thumb and index finger circle means OK in America. In Brazil, on the other hand, it is considered a rude gesture. So, if a marketer is targeting Brazil and America at the same time, he/she should use unique advertisements for each country. Toyota introduced the Prado SUV in China. The names sounded the Chinese word for Rule by Force. It reminded the Chinese people of invasion by Japan 1937. It was not a nice memory at all. [3] Production and Cost Limitation: A challenge that faces international marketers is that they have to be as creative as possible, especially when there are severe production limitations. Some magazine papers in some countries are made of severely poor quality. A product like a shampoo might have to depart from the print media if it is of low quality. In Egypt, the poor quality billboards and poor-quality televisions have led big companies like Coca-Cola to advertise their products on boats that sail along the river. Direct Mail In Southeast Asia, printed press is not widely used. Thus, Direct mailing databases form a basis mean of advertising. Any international company that wants to market in Southeast Asia needs to use the Direct Mailing pattern. The problem about it is that the sender has to pay only a part of the mailing fee. The receiver has to pay the rest. The Challenges on the Marketing Message: An information source an international marketing executive that has a product message to communicate. Encoding converting the message from the source to the receiver. The message is transmitted to effective clear symbols. Themessage channel the sales force and/or the media that transfers the coded message to the intended receiver. Decoding The interpretation and understanding by the receiver. Receiver The targeted customers. Feedback The customers opinion on the message. He gives it back to the information source. Noise any external obstacles that hinder the communication process: physical and non-physical competitors, other salespeople, and confusion) What is obvious from the above figure is that the message starts from a point and ends in it. The message is produced by the information source the sender. Then it is encoded into an appropriate meaning. After that, it goes through a message channel: advertising media, personal sales force. Later, it is interpreted into meaning. Then, the receiver responds to it. Afterwards, the receiver evaluates the communication process feedback. Finally, the feedback is transferred to the information source. This is the flow of the international communication process. The noise is any external obstacles that come in the way of any of these steps. It hinders the transfer of the message. Any problem that affects any of these steps will affect the correct understanding of a message. A problem with the information source: The marketer is supposed to know the needs of the international target market ex: The whole world , and not limit them to the needs of the national market ex: USA. A good example is the mobile phone industry. If a company is doing well with selling luxurious mobile phones, it doesnt necessarily mean that it has to do well in selling the same phones in another country. The first countrys market need is luxury Ex: Qatar, while in the other country is it only communication Ex: Syria. Such problem can happen if the information source or the marketer relies on the self-reliance criterion (SRC). The information source might depend onhis own markets success and assumes it will succeed in marketing to other countries. If it sells well in one country, it will sell in another [3].Clearly, this assumption is definitely wrong. Also, general lack of knowledge of the target markets need will result in sending a wrong message through media or personal selling to the existing of prospect consumers. Encoding A marketer for certain relaxing drug chooses the white color for an advertisement, assuming that it has a relaxing effect. Patients might relate it to hospitals this will have a negative effect on buying the medicine. Thus, to transfer the correct message, all factors relating to the target market have to be taken into consideration. In the United States and Canada, Toothpaste is important because healthy teeth are perceived as important. In European countries, on the other hand, it is mainly used for breath control. So, an advertisement of toothpaste for European citizens has to stress breath control instead of healthy teeth. 3-Â ­The Message Channel The channel has to be carefully chosen to assure the message is delivered and understood by customers. Sending messages through internet means, there has to be a reading role from the receivers side. If the medium internet is used for an intended market in which there is a lot of illiteracy, the message will certainly not be understoodby those intended customers. The language For advertising for a product on TV for instance, the language of the audience have to be considered. If the advertisement reaches countries in the Middle East, they have to be translated to the Arabic language to assure proper understanding. This is not applicable on all products. For instance, Arabic is the spoken language in the Middle East in a lot of industries. At the same time, English is used in the technical industries in the Middle Eastern countries. So an advertisement in the technical field requires using the English language, even if it is intended for Middle-Eastern customers. Decoding Chevrolet launched a brand name for a car model called Nova. It means New Star. According to the Spanish language, on the other hand, Nova means It doesnt go. Another similar example is Coca Colas Come alive slogan being decoded as Come out of the grave. [3] Although Europeans and American speak the same language, but their perception and way of thinking is different. An ad transferred from the United States with an American Celebrity standing atop a mountain with a Lipton teas mug didnt make sense for East Europe citizens. [3] So, Errors at the receivers side are mainly due to: Improper message because of improper knowledge of use patterns Poor encoding (building a messages meaning) Poor media selection. The wrong mean for the wrong message. Poor decoding by the receiver Least possible bad luck Ex: When The Paris government didnt get along with the attack in Iraq in 2003. A lot of French products were boycotted. Frenchs Mustard was mistaken for being French, while it was named so after its founder Robert French. It was accidently boycotted along the other French products. Feedback As much as delivering the message correctly is important, acquiring feedback is important. Companies have to do surveys and research on how effective was the responding to its marketing messages to decide whether to carry on with them or not. If the feedback of receivers was not taken into consideration, this will allow the same mistakes to be carried on again and again. A detailed research with causes and effects of factors regarding the marketing messages on the customers is very essential and important. It will assure success in the future messages. Media Limitations and Personal Selling: An international marketer might be forced to use other promotional means if he/she is exposed to media limitation. In Italy, a television commercial for instance is limited only to 10 showings a year, and with no exposures closer than 10 days. [3] This will definitely hinder the use of advertising and the marketer is forced to look for other promotional means. In Latin America because of media limitations, Coca Cola and Pepsi-Cola shifted to carnival trucks. Carnival truck make frequent trips to rural villages to promote their products. The carnival truck stops in a village, gives a TV show about them for a low admission price. The price is an unopened bottle that is exchanged for a cold bottle and also for a coupon for another bottle! These kinds of promotions attract customers widely, and are considered aw ways to deal with media limitations. Studying of the behavioral habits of an intended market produces positive results. This strategy was done by Nestle in France. A lot of French take off for a long vacation in the summer time, taking all their family members in the car heading to campgrounds. Nestle, as a result, provided rest stops along highway for changing and feeding babies. This strategy allowed the French people to be aware of the samples of Nestle diapers and food products. By that, it branded its name by sampling and promotion. Local Laws: -May not permit premiums or free gifts be distributed. Some countries may control the amount of discount given at retails -Permits for all sales promotions. A waste of all the promotional strategies that are undertaken in other countries in which it is legal it will affect personal selling negatively Challenges for international emailing marketing: Message form: The amount of message that works in one country doesnt necessarily work in another. In USA, it is common to post main headlines of articles with the links to the full article. In other countries, like the Middle East, customers expect to see the full article. This depends on how the consumer is used to receive knowledge. -Personalization and salutations: Examples: Dear John, Dear Saraetc. In US, the use of salutations has a positive effect on the recipients. On the contrary, other countries consider it as invasion of privacy and people of this country dont feel comfortable receiving emails with salutation. -Local norms: There are many norms that cant be predicted if you are unaware of local norms. For example, in the U.S. its quite common to post prices exclusive of tax. In some other countries, this is simply not done and may even be not allowed by local law. In France, its common to ask recipients to print out a form and fax it back, whereas in many other countries this would be considered absurd. -Local laws: The most obvious laws that apply to international e-mail are anti-spam requirements, some countries may have additional laws and requirements for doing business electronically, especially related to privacy and use of personal information. -Send time: When to send is another important question. Countries have different time zones depending on their geographical location. While 3 pm Canada timing is an appropriate time to send emails for customers, it is a very inappropriate time in countries on the other side of the world. [4] -Stereotypes and marketing communication: First to define stereotypes: It is a commonly held popular belief about specific social groups or types of individuals. The concepts of stereotype and prejudice are often confused with many other different meanings. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on some prior assumptions. Sometimes, there are certain perceptions or ideas people relate to a specific country, and these ideas might be wrong. For example: If an Egyptian company is advertising for a perfume with a drawing of the Egyptian flag. Egypt is not considered as a leading country in producing perfumes. France, on the other hands is considered so. So, European citizens might assume that this perfume is not worth buying. Hence, they will not respond positively to the commercials of perfume from USA. [5] Country of Origin Effect The issue about international marketing products, whether by personal selling, TV Advertising, or even off the screen selling, is that marketing the product outside its home country is not as easy as marketing it inside it. This is due to the many factors that need to be known about the consumers in countries the company is intended to export to. Such factors are like consumer behavior. [5] Consumer behavior dictates when, why, what, and where a consumer buys or doesnt buy a product. Conclusion If any company doesnt last for three years, this means the company is a failure. To assure success for a company, the marketing mix have to be well designed whether its a service or a manufacturer company. A very important and crucial aspect of the marketing mix is promotion, which is understated under Marketing Communication. To Assure proper communication of a message, all the above factors have to be taken into strict consideration: The message, the means, the market, the external legal and local factors. The message have to well-designed before it is sent. Thus, being aware of legal and local restrictions of countries is essential for giving green and red lights to marketing communication strategies. The marketing strategies have to be tested on the various markets, to prospect the outputs. Then, proper knowledge of the market needs is studied. Then, the right routes of communication are chosen to assure transferring of the message. The message has to be matched with the receiver s point of views. The major problem facing international advertisers is designing the best messages for each market served.[3] Taking some factors in consideration and neglecting some cause big problems, because in international marketing everything is related to one another.Since the sales amount depend largely on Marketing Communication, the sales department depend largely on the marketing department. Thus, The effective Marketing Communication is one of the keys to success of two departments in a company. Hence, no one in a company can deny the effective outcomes of effective commination.